| Common Name: | PATCHING PLASTER READY TO USE |
| Manufacturer: | DAP |
| SDS Revision Date: | 9/10/2018 |
| SDS Format: | GHS-US |
| Item Number(s): | 10L528, 375DR4 |
| Manufacturer Model Number(s): |
SDS Table of Contents
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SDS NUMBER: 00079006001
SAP NUMBER: NO INFORMATION
REVISION DATE: 9/10/2018
DAP(R*)
SAFETY DATA SHEET
24 HOUR EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS:
MEDICAL/POISON CONTROL:
IN U.S.:
CALL: 1-800-222-1222
OUTSIDE U.S.: CALL YOUR LOCAL POISON CONTROL CENTER
TRANSPORTATION/NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER:
1-800-535-5053
1-352-323-3500
NOTE:
THE NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER EMERGENCY NUMBERS TO BE USED ONLY IN THE EVENT
OF CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES INVOLVING A SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, EXPOSURE OR ACCIDENT
INVOLVING CHEMICALS.
IMPORTANT:
PROVIDE THIS INFORMATION TO EMPLOYEES, CUSTOMERS, AND USERS OF THIS
PRODUCT. READ THIS SDS BEFORE HANDLING OR DISPOSING OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS COVERED BY THE OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD AND
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS OF THIS
STANDARD. ALL ABBREVIATED TERMS USED IN THIS SDS ARE FURTHER DESCRIBED
IN SECTION 16.
| 1. IDENTIFICATION |  |
PRODUCT NAME: PATCHING PLASTER READY TO USE
PRODUCT UPC NUMBER: 070798520820, 070798520844, 070798522909
REVISION DATE: 9/10/2018
SUPERCEDES DATE: 10/24/2017
MANUFACTURER:
DAP PRODUCTS INC.
2400 BOSTON STREET SUITE 200
BALTIMORE, MD 21224-4723
888-327-8477 (NON - EMERGENCY MATTERS)
SDS COORDINATOR: MSDS@DAP.COM
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE: 1-800-535-5053, 1-352-323-3500, 1-800-222-1222
PRODUCT USE/CLASS: SPACKLING COMPOUND
SDS NO.: 00079006001
PREPARER: REGULATORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
| 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION | |
GHS CLASSIFICATION: CARC. 1A
SYMBOL(S) OF PRODUCT: HEALTH HAZARD
SIGNAL WORD: DANGER
POSSIBLE HAZARDS:
5% OF THE MIXTURE CONSISTS OF INGREDIENTS OF UNKNOWN ACUTE TOXICITY
GHS HAZARD STATEMENTS:
CARCINOGENICITY, CATEGORY 1A:
H350: MAY CAUSE CANCER.
GHS LABEL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS:
P201: OBTAIN SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USE.
P280:
WEAR PROTECTIVE GLOVES/PROTECTIVE CLOTHING/EYE PROTECTION/FACE PROTECTION.
P281: USE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AS REQUIRED.
P308+P313:
IF EXPOSED OR CONCERNED: GET MEDICAL ADVICE/ATTENTION.
| 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS | |
CHEMICAL NAME CAS-NO. WT. % GHS SYMBOLS GHS STATEMENTS
LIMESTONE 1317-65-3 45-70 NO INFORMATION NO INFORMATION
ATTAPULGITE 12174-11-7 1-5 GHS07 H332
CLAY 1332-58-7 1-5 NO INFORMATION NO INFORMATION
QUARTZ 14808-60-7 0.1-1.0 GHS07 H302
POLYOXYPROPYLENE- CASRN NOT 0.1-1.0 GHS06 H330
POLYETHYLENE AVAILABLE
THE TEXT FOR GHS HAZARD STATEMENTS SHOWN ABOVE (IF ANY) IS GIVEN IN THE
"OTHER INFORMATION" SECTION.
| 4. FIRST-AID MEASURES | |
FIRST AID - INHALATION:
IF YOU EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, LEAVE THE AREA TO OBTAIN FRESH
AIR. IF CONTINUED DIFFICULTY IS EXPERIENCED, GET MEDICAL ATTENTION
IMMEDIATELY.
FIRST AID - SKIN CONTACT:
WASH SKIN WITH SOAP AND WATER FOR 15 MINUTES. GET MEDICAL AID IF SYMPTOMS
PERSIST.
FIRST AID - EYE CONTACT:
IN CASE OF CONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER
FOR AT LEAST 15 MINUTES UNTIL IRRITATION SUBSIDES. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION
IMMEDIATELY.
FIRST AID - INGESTION:
IF SWALLOWED, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY.
| 5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES | |
UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: NO INFORMATION
SPECIAL FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES:
WEAR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS PRESSURE-DEMAND (NIOSH APPROVED OR
EQUIVALENT) AND FULL PROTECTIVE GEAR. USE WATER SPRAY TO COOL EXPOSED
SURFACES.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL, FOAM
| 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES | |
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES: NO INFORMATION
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IF MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED:
IN CASE OF SPILLAGE, ABSORB WITH INERT MATERIAL AND DISPOSE OF IN
ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGULATIONS.
| 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE | |
HANDLING:
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN! DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY. USE ONLY WITH
ADEQUATE VENTILATION. ENSURE FRESH AIR ENTRY DURING APPLICATION AND
DRYING. DO NOT BREATHE DUST. REMOVAL OF THIS PRODUCT AFTER USE WILL
RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF DUST. IF DRY-SANDED, EXPOSURE TO DUST MAY
RESULT IN THE BUILD-UP OF MATERIAL IN EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND MOUTH WHICH
MAY CAUSE IRRITATION. WHILE DRY SANDING, USE OF A NIOSH-APPROVED DUST
MASK IS RECOMMENDED. WASH THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING.
STORAGE:
AVOID EXCESSIVE HEAT AND FREEZING. DO NOT STORE AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE
120 DEGREES F. STORE AWAY FROM CAUSTICS AND OXIDIZERS. KEEP CONTAINERS
TIGHTLY CLOSED.
| 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION | |
INGREDIENTS WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS:
CHEMICAL NAME ACGIH ACGIH- OSHA OSHA PEL-
TLV-TWA TLV STEL PEL-TWA CEILING
LIMESTONE N.E. N.E. 15 MG/M3 TWA N.E.
TOTAL DUST,
5 MG/M3 TWA
RESPIRABLE
FRACTION
ATTAPULGITE N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E.
CLAY 2 MG/M3 TWA N.E. 15 MG/M3 TWA N.E.
PARTICULATE TOTAL DUST,
MATTER 5 MG/M3 TWA
CONTAINING RESPIRABLE
NO ASBESTOS FRACTION
AND <1%
CRYSTALLINE
SILICA,
RESPIRABLE
PARTICULATE
MATTER
QUARTZ 0.025 MG/M3 N.E. 50 (MICRO)G/M3 N.E.
TWA TWA
RESPIRABLE
PARTICULATE
MATTER
POLYOXYPROPYLENE- N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E.
POLYETHYLENE
FURTHER ADVICE:
MEL = MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT
OES = OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD
SUP = SUPPLIER'S RECOMMENDATION
SK = SKIN SENSITIZER
N.E. = NOT ESTABLISHED
PERSONAL PROTECTION:
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:
WHEN CONCENTRATIONS EXCEED THE EXPOSURE LIMITS SPECIFIED, USE OF A
NIOSH-APPROVED DUST, MIST AND FUME RESPIRATOR IS RECOMMENDED. WHERE
THE PROTECTION FACTOR OF THE RESPIRATOR MAY BE EXCEEDED, USE OF A FULL
FACEPIECE, SUPPLIED AIR, OR SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) MAY
BE NECESSARY. IF CONCENTRATIONS EXCEED THE EXPOSURE LIMITS SPECIFIED, USE
OF A NIOSH-APPROVED SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR IS RECOMMENDED. WHERE THE
PROTECTION FACTOR IS EXCEEDED, USE OF A SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
(SCBA) MAY BE NECESSARY. USE AN APPROVED NIOSH/OSHA RESPIRATOR IF DRY
SANDED. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH) HAS
RECOMMENDED THAT THE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT BE CHANGED TO 50 MICROGRAMS
RESPIRABLE FREE SILICA PER CUBIC METER OF AIR (0.05 MG/M3) AS DETERMINED
BY A FULL SHIFT SAMPLE UP TO 10-HOUR WORK SHIFT. A RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
PROGRAM THAT MEETS THE OSHA 1910.134 AND ANSI Z88.2 REQUIREMENTS MUST BE
FOLLOWED WHENEVER WORKPLACE CONDITIONS WARRANT A RESPIRATOR'S USE.
SKIN PROTECTION: WEAR PROTECTIVE GLOVES.
EYE PROTECTION: SAFETY GLASSES WITH SIDE-SHIELDS.
OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: NOT REQUIRED UNDER NORMAL USE.
HYGIENIC PRACTICES: REMOVE AND WASH CONTAMINATED CLOTHING BEFORE RE-USE.
| 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES | |
APPEARANCE: WHITE TO OFF-WHITE
PHYSICAL STATE: PASTE
ODOR: SLIGHT
ODOR THRESHOLD: NOT ESTABLISHED
DENSITY, G/CM3: 1.78 - 1.78
PH: NO INFORMATION
FREEZE POINT, DEG. C: NOT ESTABLISHED
VISCOSITY (MPA.S): NOT ESTABLISHED
SOLUBILITY IN WATER: NO INFORMATION
PARTITION COEFF., N-OCTANOL/WATER: NOT ESTABLISHED
DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE, DEG. C: NOT ESTABLISHED
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS, %: N.I. - N.I.
BOILING RANGE, DEG. C: N.I. - N.I.
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE, DEG. C: NOT ESTABLISHED
MINIMUM FLASH POINT, DEG. C: 100
VAPOR PRESSURE, MMHg: NOT ESTABLISHED
EVAPORATION RATE: NO INFORMATION
FLASH METHOD: SETA CLOSED CUP
VAPOR DENSITY: HEAVIER THAN AIR
FLAMMABILITY, NFPA: NON-FLAMMABLE
COMBUSTIBLE DUST: DOES NOT SUPPORT COMBUSTION
(SEE "OTHER INFORMATION" SECTION FOR ABBREVIATION LEGEND)
(IF PRODUCT IS AN AEROSOL, THE FLASH POINT STATED ABOVE IS THAT OF THE
PROPELLANT.)
| 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY | |
STABILITY: STABLE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID:
DO NOT BREATHE DUST. AVOID DUST FORMATION IN CONFINED AREAS. EXCESSIVE
HEAT AND FREEZING.
INCOMPATIBILITY: INCOMPATIBLE WITH STRONG BASES AND OXIDIZING AGENTS.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS:
ABOVE 1450 DEGREE C: SO2 AND CaO.
| 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION | |
EFFECT OF OVEREXPOSURE - INHALATION:
INHALATION MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT (NOSE, MOUTH,
MUCOUS MEMBRANES). PROLONGED, REPEATED, OR HIGH EXPOSURES MAY CAUSE
IRRITATION TO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT (NOSE, MOUTH, MUCOUS MEMBRANES). DUST
FROM DRY SANDING MAY CAUSE EYE, SKIN, NOSE, THROAT AND RESPIRATORY TRACT
IRRITATION.
EFFECT OF OVEREXPOSURE - SKIN CONTACT:
UNDER NORMAL USE CONDITIONS, THIS PRODUCT IS NOT EXPECTED TO CAUSE ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECTS. PROLONGED OR REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN MAY CAUSE MILD
IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION IN SUSCEPTIBLE PERSONS.
EFFECT OF OVEREXPOSURE - EYE CONTACT:
UNDER NORMAL USE CONDITIONS, THIS PRODUCT IS NOT EXPECTED TO CAUSE ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECTS. DIRECT EYE CONTACT MAY CAUSE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE EYE
IRRITATION.
EFFECT OF OVEREXPOSURE - INGESTION:
UNDER NORMAL USE CONDITIONS, THIS PRODUCT IS NOT EXPECTED TO CAUSE ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECTS. SINGLE DOSE ORAL TOXICITY IS VERY LOW. AMOUNTS INGESTED
INCIDENTAL TO INDUSTRIAL HANDLING ARE NOT LIKELY TO CAUSE INJURY; HOWEVER,
INGESTION OF LARGE AMOUNTS MAY CAUSE INJURY. INGESTION MAY RESULT IN
OBSTRUCTION WHEN MATERIAL HARDENS.
CARCINOGENICITY: NO INFORMATION
EFFECT OF OVEREXPOSURE - CHRONIC HAZARDS:
CONTAINS CRYSTALLINE SILICA WHICH HAS BEEN DETERMINED TO BE CARCINOGENIC
TO HUMANS (1) BY IARC WHEN IN RESPIRABLE FORM. RISK OF CANCER DEPENDS UPON
DURATION AND LEVEL OF INHALATION EXPOSURE TO DUST FROM SANDING THE DRIED
PAINT OR SPRAY MIST. THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
(IARC) HAS DETERMINED THAT CRYSTALLINE SILICA IN THE FORM OF QUARTZ OR
CRISTOBALITE THAT IS INHALED FROM OCCUPATIONAL SOURCES IS CARCINOGENIC TO
HUMANS (GROUP 1- CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS). REFER TO IARC MONOGRAPH 68,
SILICA, SOME SILICATES AND ORGANIC FIBRES (PUBLISHED IN JUNE 1997) IN
CONJUNCTION WITH THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS. THE NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY
PROGRAM (NTP) CLASSIFIES RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA AS "KNOWN TO BE A
HUMAN CARCINOGEN". REFER TO THE 9TH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS (2000). THE
AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS (ACGIH)
CLASSIFIES CRYSTALLINE SILICA, QUARTZ, AS A SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGEN
(GROUP A2). BREATHING DUST CONTAINING RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA MAY
NOT CAUSE NOTICEABLE INJURY OR ILLNESS EVEN THOUGH PERMANENT LUNG DAMAGE
MAY BE OCCURRING.
INHALATION OF DUST MAY HAVE THE FOLLOWING SERIOUS CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS:
EXCESSIVE INHALATION OF RESPIRABLE DUST CAN CAUSE PNEUMOCONIOSIS, A
RESPIRATORY DISEASE, WHICH CAN RESULT IN DELAYED, PROGRESSIVE, DISABLING
AND SOMETIMES FATAL LUNG INJURY. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE COUGH, SHORTNESS OF
BREATH, WHEEZING, NON-SPECIFIC CHEST ILLNESS AND REDUCED PULMONARY
FUNCTION. SMOKING EXACERBATES THIS DISEASE. INDIVIDUALS WITH PNEUMOCONIOSIS
ARE PREDISPOSED TO DEVELOP TUBERCULOSIS. THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT
BREATHING RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA OR THE DISEASE SILICOSIS IS
ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIGNIFICANT DISEASE ENDPOINTS
SUCH AS SCLERODERMA (AN IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDER MANIFESTED BY FIBROSIS OF
THE LUNGS, SKIN AND OTHER INTERNAL ORGANS) AND KIDNEY DISEASE. PROLONGED OR
REPEATED INHALATION OF DUST MAY CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE.
PRIMARY ROUTE(S) OF ENTRY:
EYE CONTACT, INHALATION, SKIN ABSORPTION, SKIN CONTACT
ACUTE TOXICITY VALUES:
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF THIS PRODUCT HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED. DATA ON INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS ARE TABULATED BELOW
CAS-NO. CHEMICAL NAME ORAL LD50 DERMAL LD50 VAPOR LC50
1317-65-3 LIMESTONE 6450 MG/KG >2000 MG/KG >20 MG/L
RAT
12174-11-7 ATTAPULGITE N.I. N.I. 20 MG/KG
1332-58-7 CLAY >5000 MG/KG >5000 MG/KG N.I.
RAT RAT
14808-60-7 QUARTZ 500 MG/KG >2000 MG/KG >20 MG/L
RAT
9003-11-6 POLYOXYPROPYLENE- 5700 MG/KG N.I. .3 MG/L
POLYETHYLENE RAT RAT
N.I. = NO INFORMATION
| 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION | |
ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION:
ECOLOGICAL INJURIES ARE NOT KNOWN OR EXPECTED UNDER NORMAL USE.
| 13. DISPOSAL INFORMATION | |
DISPOSAL INFORMATION:
THIS PRODUCT DOES NOT MEET THE DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCORDING
TO U.S. EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION, 40 CFR SECTION 261.
DISPOSE AS HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCORDING TO ALL LOCAL, STATE, FEDERAL AND
PROVINCIAL REGULATIONS. STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS/RESTRICTIONS ARE
COMPLEX AND MAY DIFFER FROM FEDERAL REGULATIONS. RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROPER
WASTE DISPOSAL IS WITH THE OWNER OF THE WASTE.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IF MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED:
IN CASE OF SPILLAGE, ABSORB WITH INERT MATERIAL AND DISPOSE OF IN
ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGULATIONS.
| 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION | |
DOT UN/NA NUMBER: NO INFORMATION
DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME: NO INFORMATION
DOT TECHNICAL NAME: N.A.
DOT HAZARD CLASS: N.A.
HAZARD SUBCLASS: NO INFORMATION
PACKING GROUP: NO INFORMATION
| 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION | |
SARA SECTION 313:
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES SUBJECT TO THE REPORTING
REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 313 OF TITLE III OF THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENT AND
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986 AND 40 CFR PART 372:
NO SARA 313 COMPONENTS EXIST IN THIS PRODUCT.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT:
ALL INGREDIENTS IN THIS PRODUCT ARE EITHER ON TSCA INVENTORY LIST, OR
OTHERWISE EXEMPT.
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES SUBJECT TO THE
REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF TSCA 12(B) IF EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES:
NO TSCA 12(B) COMPONENTS EXIST IN THIS PRODUCT.
| 16. OTHER INFORMATION | |
REVISION DATE: 9/10/2018
SUPERSEDES DATE: 10/24/2017
REASON FOR REVISION:
PRODUCT COMPOSITION CHANGED
SUBSTANCE AND/OR PRODUCT PROPERTIES CHANGED IN SECTION(S):
05 - FLAMMABILITY INFORMATION
15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
REVISION STATEMENT(S) CHANGED
DATASHEET PRODUCED BY: REGULATORY DEPARTMENT
HMIS RATINGS:
HEALTH 1
FLAMMABILITY 1
REACTIVITY 0
PERSONAL PROTECTION X
VOC LESS WATER LESS EXEMPT SOLVENT, G/L: 24.7
VOC MATERIAL, G/L: 12
VOC AS DEFINED BY CALIFORNIA CONSUMER PRODUCT REGULATION, WT/WT%: 0.01
VOC ACTUAL, WT/WT%: 0.7
TEXT FOR GHS HAZARD STATEMENTS SHOWN IN SECTION 3 DESCRIBING EACH
INGREDIENT:
H302: HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED.
H330: FATAL IF INHALED.
H332: HARMFUL IF INHALED.
ICONS FOR GHS PICTOGRAMS SHOWN IN SECTION 3 DESCRIBING EACH INGREDIENT:
GHS06: SKULLS AND CROSSBONES
GHS07: EXCLAMATION MARK
LEGEND:
N.A. - NOT APPLICABLE
N.E. - NOT ESTABLISHED
N.D. - NOT DETERMINED
DAP BELIEVES THE DATA AND STATEMENTS CONTAINED HEREIN ARE ACCURATE AS OF
THE DATE HEREOF. THEY ARE OFFERED IN GOOD FAITH AS TYPICAL VALUES AND NOT
AS A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION. NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, WARRANTY OF
FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, IS MADE WITH REGARD TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN PROVIDED OR THE
PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS. SINCE THIS DOCUMENT IS INTENDED
ONLY AS A GUIDE TO THE APPROPRIATE USE AND PRECAUTIONARY HANDLING OF THE
REFERENCED PRODUCT BY A PROPERLY TRAINED PERSON, IT IS THEREFORE THE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE USER TO (I) REVIEW THE RECOMMENDATIONS WITH DUE
CONSIDERATION FOR THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF THE INTENDED USE AND (II)
DETERMINE IF THEY ARE APPROPRIATE.