| Common Name: | HYTEX-100 |
| Manufacturer: | MILES LUBRICANTS |
| SDS Revision Date: | (No Date) |
| SDS Format: | GHS-US |
| Item Number(s): | 49CL24, 49CL25 |
| Manufacturer Model Number(s): |
SDS Table of Contents
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MILES LUBRICANTS
SAFETY DATA SHEET
MILES HYTEX-100
| SECTION 1 - IDENTIFICATION |  |
1.1 PRODUCT IDENTIFIERS:
PRODUCT NAME: MILES HYTEX-100
1.2 PRODUCT USAGE:
RECOMMENDED USAGE: ANTI-WEAR HYDRAULIC FLUID RESTRICTED
USAGE: NOT INTENDED FOR ANY OTHER USAGE
1.3 EMERGENCY SUPPORT:
CHEMTREC:
UNITED STATES: +1(800) 424-9300
INTERNATIONAL: +01 (703) 527-3887
1.4 SUPPLIER INFORMATION:
MILES LUBRICANTS LLC
66 MARINE ST.
FARMINGDALE, NY 11735
UNITED STATES
PHONE: 877-683-8086
FAX: 631-229-8000
EMAIL: SUPPORT@MILESLUBRICANTS.COM
WWW.MILESLUBRICANTS.COM
| SECTION 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION | |
OSHA/HCS STATUS:
THIS MATERIAL IS NOT CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS BY THE OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION
STANDARD (29 CFR 1910.1200).
CLASSIFICATION(S): NOT CLASSIFIED
SIGNAL WORD: NO SIGNAL WORD.
SYMBOL(S):
HAZARD RATING:
HMIS:
HEALTH 0
FLAMMABILITY 1
REACTIVITY 0
PERSONAL PROTECTION B
HAZARD STATEMENT(S): NO KNOWN SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OR CRITICAL HAZARDS.
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT(S):
GENERAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT(S):
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
READ LABEL BEFORE USE.
WASH SKIN THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING.
IF SWALLOWED: RINSE MOUTH. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IF IN EYES:
RINSE CAUTIOUSLY WITH WATER FOR SEVERAL MINUTES. REMOVE CONTACT LENSES, IF
PRESENT AND EASY TO DO. CONTINUE RINSING. GET MEDICAL ADVICE/ATTENTION IF
YOU FEEL UNWELL.
PREVENTION PRECAUTIONARY:
STATEMENT(S): NOT APPLICABLE.
RESPONSE PRECAUTIONARY:
STATEMENT(S): NOT APPLICABLE.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT(S):
STORE IN A DRY PLACE.
STORE IN A CLOSED CONTAINER.
DISPOSAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT(S):
DISPOSE OF CONTENTS/CONTAINERS SHOULD BE CLEANED OF RESIDUAL PRODUCT BEFORE
DISPOSAL, AND DISPOSED OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALL APPLICABLE LAWS AND
REGULATIONS.
OTHER HAZARDS WHICH DO NOT RESULT IN CLASSIFICATION:
NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE.
| SECTION 3 - COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS | |
COMPONENT LISTING:
CHEMICAL NAME %WEIGHT
HIGHLY REFINED PETROLEUM BASE OIL 97 - 99% MIXTURE
ADDITIVES <3% PROPRIETARY
THERE ARE NO ADDITIONAL INGREDIENTS PRESENT WHICH, WITHIN THE CURRENT
KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUPPLIER AND IN THE CONCENTRATIONS APPLICABLE, ARE
CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH AND HENCE REQUIRE REPORTING IN THIS
SECTION.
| SECTION 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES | |
4.1 FIRST AID MEASURES:
EYE CONTACT:
IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH PLENTY OF WATER OCCASIONALLY LIFTING THE UPPER
AND LOWER EYELIDS. CHECK FOR AND REMOVE ANY CONTACT LENSES. CONTINUE TO
RINSE FOR AT LEAST 20 MINUTES. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION.
INHALATION:
REMOVE VICTIM TO FRESH AIR AND KEEP AT REST IN A POSITION COMFORTABLE FOR
BREATHING. IF BREATHING IS IRREGULAR OR IF RESPIRATORY ARREST OCCURS,
PROVIDE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION OR OXYGEN BY TRAINED PERSONNEL. IT MAY BE
DANGEROUS TO THE PERSON PROVIDING AID TO GIVE MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION.
MAINTAIN AN OPEN AIRWAY. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION IF SYMPTOMS OCCUR.
INGESTION:
WASH OUT MOUTH WITH WATER. IF MATERIAL HAS BEEN SWALLOWED AND THE EXPOSED
PERSON IS CONSCIOUS, GIVE SMALL QUANTITIES OF WATER TO DRINK. STOP IF THE
EXPOSED PERSON FEELS SICK AS VOMITING MAY BE DANGEROUS. DO NOT INDUCE
VOMITING UNLESS DIRECTED TO DO SO BY MEDICAL PERSONNEL. IF VOMITING OCCURS,
THE HEAD SHOULD BE KEPT LOW SO THAT VOMIT DOES NOT ENTER THE LUNGS. NEVER
GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION IF
SYMPTOMS OCCUR.
4.2 SYMPTOMS & EFFECTS:
TO PHYSICIAN:
TREAT SYMPTOMATICALLY. CONTACT POISON SPECIALIST IF PRODUCT HAS BEEN
INGESTED.
SPECIFIC TREATMENT: NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT.
4.3 MEDICAL ATTENTION:
PROTECTION OF FIRST AIDERS:
NO ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN INVOLVING ANY PERSONAL RISK OR WITHOUT SUITABLE
TRAINING. IT MAY BE DANGEROUS TO THE PERSON PROVIDING AID TO GIVE
MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION.
NOTE TO DOCTOR:
ASPIRATION DURING SWALLOWING OR VOMITING MAY SEVERELY DAMAGE THE LUNGS. IF
EVACUATION OF STOMACH CONTENTS IS NECESSARY, USE METHOD LEAST LIKELY TO
CAUSE ASPIRATION.
| SECTION 5 - FIRE FIGHTING | |
5.1 EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:
SUITABLE MEDIA & UNSUITABLE MEDIA:
CO2, DRY CHEMICAL, OR FOAM. WATER CAN BE USED TO COOL AND PROTECT PRODUCT.
DO NOT USE WATER JET AS AN EXTINGUISHER, IT WILL SPREAD THE FIRE.
5.2 SPECIFIC HAZARDS ARISING FROM THIS PRODUCT:
WHEN HEATED, HAZARDOUS GASES MAY BE RELEASED INCLUDING:
SULFUR DIOXIDE. A SOLID STREAM OF WATER WILL SPREAD THE BURNING MATERIAL.
MATERIAL CREATES A SPECIAL HAZARD BECAUSE IT FLOATS ON WATER. THIS MATERIAL
CREATES A SPECIAL HAZARD BECAUSE IT FLOATS ON WATER. THIS MATERIAL IS
HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE. ANY FIRE WATER CONTAMINATED WITH THIS MATERIAL
MUST BE CONTAINED AND PREVENTED FROM BEING DISCHARGED TO ANY WATERWAY,
SEWER OR DRAIN.
5.3 FIREFIGHTERS ADVICE:
SPECIAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
FIRE EQUIPMENT INFORMATION:
FIRE-FIGHTERS SHOULD WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SET
CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) WITH A FULL FACE -PIECE OPERATED IN
POSITIVE PRESSURE MODE.
| SECTION 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES | |
6.1 PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT GENERAL MEASURES:
NO HEALTH AFFECTS EXPECT FROM THE CLEANUP OF THIS MATERIAL IF CONTACT CAN
BE AVOIDED. FOLLOW PERSONAL PROTECT EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOUND IN
SECTION 8 OF THIS SDS.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS NON-EMERGENCY PERSONNEL:
AVOID DISPERSAL OF SPILLED MATERIAL AND RUNOFF AND CONTACT WITH SOIL,
WATERWAYS, DRAINS AND SEWERS. INFORM AUTHORITIES IF THE PRODUCT HAS CAUSED
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WATER POLLUTING. MATERIAL MAY BE HARMFUL TO THE
ENVIRONMENT IF RELEASED IN LARGE QUANTITIES.
6.3 MATERIALS & METHODS TO CONTAIN AND CLEANUP:
REFERENCE SECTION 8:
FOLLOW ALL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS PROVIDED IN SECTION 8.
SPILL CONTROL MEASURES:
PREVENT THE SPREAD OF ANY SPILL TO MINIMIZE HARM TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT IF SAFE TO DO SO. WEAR COMPLETE AND PROPER PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT FOLLOWING THE RECOMMENDATION OF SECTION 8 AT A MINIMUM. DIKE WITH
SUITABLE ABSORBENT MATERIAL LIKE GRANULATED CLAY. DISPOSE OF ACCORDING TO
FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, OR PROVINCIAL REGULATIONS. USED FLUID SHOULD BE
DISPOSED OF AT A RECYCLING CENTER.
CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP:
STOP LEAK IF WITHOUT RISK. MOVE CONTAINERS FROM SPILL AREA. APPROACH
RELEASE FROM UPWIND. PREVENT ENTRY INTO SEWERS, WATER COURSES, BASEMENTS
OR CONFINED AREAS. WASH SPILLAGES WITH NONCOMBUSTIBLE, ABSORBENT MATERIAL
E.G. SAND EARTH VERMICULITE OR DIATOMACEOUS EARTH AND PLACE IN CONTAINER
FOR DISPOSAL ACCORDING TO LOCAL REGULATIONS. DISPOSE OF VIA LICENSED WASTE
DISPOSAL CONTRACTOR. CONTAMINATED ABSORBENT MATERIAL MAY POSE THE SAME
THREAT HAZARD AS THE SPILLED PRODUCT.
| SECTION 7 - HANDLING & STORAGE | |
7.1 SAFE HANDLING:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
PUT ON APPROPRIATE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (SEE SECTION 8). DO NOT
INGEST. AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES, SKIN AND CLOTHING. AVOID BREATHING VAPOR
OR MIST. AVOID RELEASE TO THE ENVIRONMENT. KEEP IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINER
OR AN APPROVED ALTERNATIVE MADE FROM A COMPATIBLE MATERIAL, KEEP LID
TIGHTLY CLOSED WHEN NOT IN USE. EMPTY CONTAINERS RETAIN PRODUCT RESIDUE
AND CAN BE HAZARDOUS. DO NOT REUSE CONTAINER.
7.2 SAFE STORAGE:
REQUIRED CONDITIONS:
ODOROUS AND TOXIC FUMES MAY FORM FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF THIS PRODUCT IF
STORED AT TEMPERATURES IN EXCESS OF 113 DEG F (45 DEG C) FOR EXTENDED
PERIODS OF TIME OR IF HEAT SOURCES IN EXCESS OF 250 DEG F (121 DEG C) ARE
USED. STORE AWAY FROM INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. SEE SECTION 10 FOR
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS.
7.3 SPECIFIC END USE:
DESIGNED PURPOSE:
THIS PRODUCT IS DESIGNED FOR USE AS AN ANTI-WEAR HYDRAULIC FLUID.
| SECTION 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROL | |
8.1 UNITED STATES EXPOSURE LIMITS:
MATERIAL SOURCE TYPE MG/M3
OIL MIST, MINERAL ACGIH TWA (INHALABLE FRACTION.) 5 MG/M3
OIL MIST, MINERAL ACGIH STEL (MIST.) 10 MG/M3
OIL MIST, MINERAL OSHA TWA (MIST.) 5 MG/M3
8.2 EXPOSURE CONTROLS:
ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
MATERIAL SHOULD BE HANDLED IN ENCLOSED VESSELS AND EQUIPMENT, IN WHICH CASE
GENERAL ROOM VENTILATION SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
SHOULD BE USED AT POINTS WHERE DUST, MIST, VAPORS OR GASES CAN ESCAPE INTO
THE ROOM AIR. NO SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER ORDINARY CONDITIONS OF USE AND
WITH ADEQUATE VENTILATION.
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONTROLS:
GENERAL ROOM VENTILATION SHOULD BE SATISFACTORY. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
MAY BE NECESSARY IF MISTING IS GENERATED.
HYGIENE MEASURES:
ALWAYS OBSERVE GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE MEASURES, SUCH AS WASHING AFTER
HANDLING THE MATERIAL AND BEFORE EATING, DRINKING, AND/OR SMOKING.
ROUTINELY WASH WORK CLOTHING TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS. DISCARD CONTAMINATED
FOOTWEAR THAT CANNOT BE CLEANED.
EYE / FACE PROTECTION:
IF CONTACT IS LIKELY, SAFETY GLASSES WITH SIDE SHIELDS ARE RECOMMENDED.
SKIN / HAND PROTECTION:
BUTYL RUBBER. USE NITRIDE OR NEOPRENE GLOVES. USE GOOD INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
PRACTICES. IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT, WASH HANDS AND ARMS WITH SOAP AND
WATER. USE CAUTION WHEN OPENING MAN WAY COVERS OF STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATION CONTAINERS. 3-NITROANILINE CRYSTALS MAY BE PRESENT ON THE
INTERIOR SURFACE OF THESE OPENINGS. 3-NITROANILINE IS TOXIC BY DERMAL
EXPOSURE.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:
USE A PROPERLY FITTED AIR PURIFYING OR SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR COMPLYING
WITH AN APPROVED STANDARD IF A RISK ASSESSMENT INDICATES THIS A NECESSARY.
RESPIRATOR SELECTION MUST BE BASED ON KNOWN OR ANTICIPATED EXPOSURE LEVELS,
THE HAZARDS OF THE PRODUCT AND THE SAFE WORKING LIMITS OF THE SELECTED
RESPIRATOR.
| SECTION 9 - PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES | |
9.1 INFORMATION ON BASIC PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
PHYSICAL STATE: LIQUID
ODOR: CHARACTERISTIC OF PETROLEUM
FLASH POINT: 470 DEG. F
VAPOR PRESSURE: <1 MMHg
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): >1
RELATIVE DENSITY: 0.87
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE: NOT DETERMINED
VISCOSITY @ 40C: 100 CST
| SECTION 10 - STABILITY & REACTIVITY | |
STABILITY: MATERIAL IS STABLE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS.
POLYMERIZATION: HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION WILL NOT OCCUR.
INCOMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS:
AVOID CONTACT WITH STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS.
DECOMPOSITION:
IN THE CASE OF A FIRE, OXIDES OF CARBON, HYDROCARBONS, FUMES, AND SMOKE MAY
BE PRODUCED.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID: EXCESSIVE HEAT. AVOID ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION.
| SECTION 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION | |
GENERAL INFORMATION:
BASED ON DATA ON THE COMPONENTS AND THE TOXICOLOGY OF SIMILAR MATERIALS
ROUTES OF ENTRY: SKIN, EYES, INGESTION, AND INHALATION.
ACUTE EXPOSURE:
EYE IRRATATION:
NOT EXPECTED TO CAUSE EYE IRRITATION. BASED ON DATA FROM COMPONENTS OR
SIMILAR MATERIALS. VAPORS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION.
SKIN IRRITATION:
SLIGHTLY IRRITATING BASED ON DATA FROM COMPONENTS OR SIMILAR MATERIALS.
PROLONGED OR REPEATED SKIN CONTACT WITHOUT PROPER HYGIENE MAY RESULT IN
SKIN DISORDERS SUCH AS ACNE.
RESPIRATORY IRRITATION:
BASED ON DATA FROM COMPONENTS AND SIMILAR MATERIALS, INHALATION OF VAPORS
OR MISTS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION.
DERMAL TOXICITY:
EXPECTED TO BE OF LOW TOXICITY:
LD50: >5000 MG/KG, RABBIT
ORAL TOXICITY:
EXPECTED TO BE OF LOW TOXICITY:
LD50: >5000 MG/KG, RAT
INHALATION TOXICITY:
BASED ON DATA FROM COMPONENTS AND SIMILAR MATERIALS, PRODUCT IS NOT
CONSIDERED TO BE AN INHALATION HAZARD UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS OF USE.
SENSITISATION:
COMPONENT CONCENTRATIONS IN THIS FORMULATION WOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE
SKIN SENSITIZATION, BASED ON TESTS OF THE COMPONENTS OR SIMILAR
FORMULATIONS.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE:
CHRONIC TOXICITY:
NO DATA AVAILABLE TO INDICATE PRODUCT OR COMPONENTS PRESENT AT GREATER THAN
1% ARE CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS.
CARCINOGENICITY:
PRODUCT CONTAINS MINERAL AND/OR SYNTHETIC OILS SHOWN TO BE NO CARCINOGENIC
IN LABORATORY STUDIES WITH THE SAME OR SIMILAR MATERIALS. MINERAL AND
SYNTHETIC OILS ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS CARCINOGENIC BY THE INTERNATIONAL
AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC). OTHER COMPONENTS ARE NOT KNOWN TO BE
ASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS.
MUTAGENICITY:
NO DATA AVAILABLE TO INDICATE PRODUCT OR ANY COMPONENTS PRESENT AT GREATER
THAN 0.1% ARE MUTAGENIC OR GENOTOXIC.
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY:
NO DATA AVAILABLE TO INDICATE EITHER PRODUCT OR COMPONENTS PRESENT AT
GREATER THAN 0.1% THAT MAY CAUSE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY.
TERATOGENCITY:
NO DATA AVAILABLE TO INDICATE EITHER PRODUCT OR COMPONENTS PRESENT AT
GREATER THAN 0.1% THAT MAY CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: NO OTHER HEALTH HAZARDS KNOWN.
| SECTION 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION | |
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS:
ECOLOGICAL TOXICITY DATA HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED SPECIFICALLY FOR THIS
PRODUCT. THE ECOLOGICAL TOXICITY HAZARD IS BASED ON AN EVALUATION OF DATA
FOR THE COMPONENTS OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL. THIS MATERIAL IS EXPECTED TO BE
HARMFUL TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS IN THE
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:
THIS MATERIAL IS NOT EXPECTED TO BE READILY BIODEGRADABLE. THE
BIODEGRADABILITY OF THIS MATERIAL IS BASED ON AN EVALUATION OF DATA FOR
THE COMPONENTS OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL. THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS COMPONENTS
WHICH MAY BE PERSISTENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
| SECTION 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS | |
WASTE DISPOSAL:
AVOID DISPOSAL INTO WASTE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES. TREAT OR DISPOSE OF
WASTE MATERIAL IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALL LOCAL, STATE/PROVINCIAL, AND NATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS. THIS PRODUCT, IF DISCARDED, IS NOT CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS
WASTE.
| SECTION 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION | |
PRODUCT LABEL: MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE HYDRAULIC OIL AW 100 D.O.T
SHIPPING: NOT REGULATED BY DOT.
IMDG: THIS MATERIAL IS NOT CLASSIFIED AS DANGEROUS UNDER IMDG REGULATIONS.
IATA: THIS MATERIAL IS NOT CLASSIFIED AS DANGEROUS UNDER IATA REGULATIONS.
TRANSPORT CANADA:
THIS MATERIAL IS NOT CLASSIFIED AS DANGEROUS UNDER TRANSPORT CANADA
REGULATIONS.
| SECTION 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION | |
REGULATORY LISTS SEARCHED:
01 = CANADIAN DISCLOSURE LIST
02 = CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
03 = TITLE V OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT
04 = SC TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS LIST
05 = SARA TITLE III - SECTION 313
06 = SARA TITLE III - SECTION 312
07 = CA PROPOSITION 65
08 = RCRA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE.
| SECTION 16 - OTHER INFORMATION | |
DISCLAIMER:
THIS SAFETY DATA SHEET AND THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS IS OFFERED TO YOU
IN GOOD FAITH AS ACCURATE. WE HAVE REVIEWED ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED IN
THE DATA SHEET WHICH WE HAVE RECEIVED FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES AND WE BELIEVE
THE INFORMATION TO BE CORRECT, BUT CANNOT GUARANTEE ITS ACCURACY OR
COMPLETENESS.
HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THIS DATA SHEET MAY NOT BE ADEQUATE FOR
ALL INDIVIDUALS AND/OR SITUATIONS. IT IS THE USER'S OBLIGATION TO EVALUATE
AND USE THIS PRODUCT IN A SAFE MANNER AND TO COMPLY WITH ALL APPLICABLE
LAWS AND REGULATIONS. NO STATEMENT MADE IN THIS DATA SHEET SHALL BE
CONSTRUED AS PERMISSION OR RECOMMENDATION FOR THE USE OF ANY PRODUCT IN A
MANNER THAT MIGHT INFRINGE EXISTING PATENTS. NO WARRANTY IS MADE, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.
INTERNAL USE: 3E9